2017), the recognition of other intense, organized convective hotspots enabled by spaceborne radar-including southeast South America (SESA), central Africa, and the Indian subcontinent ( Nesbitt et al. While severe convective storms in Europe have garnered recent study (e.g., Groenemeijer et al.
In contrast to the United States, where these ingredients and resultant storms have been extensively studied, in other regions of the world, severe weather and its ingredients may or may not follow the “template” of storms in the United States. The specific presence of tornadoes is additionally linked to strong lower-tropospheric vertical wind shear (e.g., Thompson et al. Studies of Great Plains severe thunderstorms link their occurrence and hazards to abundant lower-tropospheric moisture, steep midtropospheric lapse rates, and strong tropospheric vertical wind shear (e.g., Doswell et al. Great Plains region (e.g., Rasmussen et al.
Much of this knowledge was gained from storms studied over the U.S. Past field campaigns, observational studies, and model experiments have produced knowledge that is the foundation of current forecast capabilities of hazardous-weather-producing storms in the United States. The hazardous storms are also important components of the regional climate over much of the eastern two-thirds of the United States. The United States is infamous for its hazardous convective storms that produce high-impact weather (HIW), including tornadoes, hail, strong winds, lightning, heavy precipitation, and flooding, and cause significant loss of life and property. Keywords: Deep convection Education Hydrometeorology Lightning Severe storms South America In addition, the legacy of RELAMPAGO in South America, including extensive multinational education, public outreach, and social media data gathering associated with the campaign, is summarized. The campaign’s international cooperation, forecasting efforts, and mission planning strategies enabled a successful data collection effort.
The five distinct scientific foci of RELAMPAGO-convection initiation, severe weather, upscale growth, hydrometeorology, and lightning and electrification-are described, as are the deployment strategies to observe physical processes relevant to these foci. Observed storms during the experiment produced copious hail, intense flash flooding, extreme lightning flash rates, and other unusual lightning phenomena, but few tornadoes. This campaign was motivated by the physical processes and societal impacts of deep convection that frequently initiates in this region, often along the complex terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba and Andes, and often grows rapidly upscale into dangerous storms that impact society.
RELAMPAGO was a major field campaign conducted in the Córdoba and Mendoza provinces in Argentina and western Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil in 2018–19 that involved more than 200 scientists and students from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. This article provides an overview of the experimental design, execution, education and public outreach, data collection, and initial scientific results from the Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign.
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